Marijuana
Marijuana is a green or gray mixture of dried, shredded flowers and leaves of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. There are over 200 slang terms for marijuana including “pot,” “herb,” “weed,” “boom,” “Mary Jane,” “gangster,” and “chronic.” It is usually smoked as a cigarette (called a joint or a nail) or in a pipe or bong. In recent years, marijuana has appeared in blunts, which are cigars that have been emptied of tobacco and refilled with marijuana, often in combination with another drug, such as crack. Some users also mix marijuana into foods or use it to brew tea.
The main active chemical in marijuana is THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol). In 1988, it was discovered that the membranes of certain nerve cells contain protein receptors that bind THC. Once securely in place, THC kicks off a series of cellular reactions that ultimately lead to the high that users experience when they smoke marijuana. The short term effects of marijuana use include problems with memory and learning; distorted perception; difficulty in thinking and problem-solving; loss of coordination; and increased heart rate, anxiety, and panic attacks.
Scientists have found that whether an individual has positive or negative sensations after smoking marijuana can be influenced by heredity. A recent study demonstrated that identical male twins were more likely than non-identical male twins to report similar responses to marijuana use, indicating a genetic basis for their sensations. Identical twins share all of their genes, and fraternal twins share about half.
Environmental factors such as the availability of marijuana, expectations about how the drug would affect them, the influence of friends and social contacts, and other factors that differentiate identical twins’ experiences also were found to have an important effect; however, it also was discovered that the twins’ shared or family environment before age 18 had no detectable influence on their response to marijuana.
Health Hazards
Effects of Marijuana on the Brain
Researchers have found that THC changes the way in which sensory information gets into and is processed by the hippocampus. The hippocampus is a component of the brain’s limbic system that is crucial for learning, memory, and the integration of sensory experiences with emotions and motivations. Investigations have shown that neurons in the information processing system of the hippocampus and the activity of the nerve fibers in this region are suppressed by THC. In addition, researchers have discovered that learned behaviors, which depend on the hippocampus, also deteriorate via this mechanism.
Recent research findings also indicate that long-term use of marijuana produces changes in the brain similar to those seen after long-term use of other major drugs of abuse.
Effects on the Lungs
Someone who smokes marijuana regularly may have many of the same respiratory problems as tobacco smokers. These individuals may have daily cough and phlegm, symptoms of chronic bronchitis, and more frequent chest colds. Continuing to smoke marijuana can lead to abnormal functioning of lung tissue injured or destroyed by marijuana smoke.
Regardless of the THC content, the amount of tar inhaled by marijuana smokers and the level of carbon monoxide absorbed are three to five times greater than among tobacco smokers. This may be due to the marijuana users’ inhaling more deeply and holding the smoke in the lungs and because marijuana smoke is unfiltered.
Effects on Heart Rate and Blood Pressure
Recent findings indicate that smoking marijuana while shooting up cocaine has the potential to cause severe increases in heart rate and blood pressure. In one study, experienced marijuana and cocaine users were given marijuana alone, cocaine alone, and then a combination of both. Each drug alone produced cardiovascular effects; when they were combined, the effects were greater and lasted longer. The heart rate of the subjects in the study increased 29 beats per minute with marijuana alone and 32 beats per minute with cocaine alone. When the drugs were given together, the heart rate increased by 49 beats per minute, and the increased rate persisted for a longer time. The drugs were given with the subjects sitting quietly. In normal circumstances, an individual may smoke marijuana and inject cocaine and then do something physically stressful that may significantly increase the risk of overloading the cardiovascular system.
Effects of Heavy Marijuana Use on Learning and Social Behavior
A study of college students has shown that critical skills related to attention, memory, and learning are impaired among people who use marijuana heavily, even after discontinuing its use for at least 24 hours. Researchers compared 65 “heavy users,” who had smoked marijuana a median of 29 of the past 30 days, and 64 “light users,” who had smoked a median of 1 of the past 30 days. After a closely monitored 19- to 24-hour period of abstinence from marijuana and other illicit drugs and alcohol, the undergraduates were given several standard tests measuring aspects of attention, memory, and learning. Compared to the light users, heavy marijuana users made more errors and had more difficulty sustaining attention, shifting attention to meet the demands of changes in the environment, and in registering, processing, and using information. These findings suggest that the greater impairment among heavy users is likely due to an alteration of brain activity produced by marijuana.
Longitudinal research on marijuana use among young people below college age indicates those who used marijuana have lower achievement than the non-users, more acceptance of deviant behavior, more delinquent behavior and aggression, greater rebelliousness, poorer relationships with parents, and more associations with delinquent and drug-using friends.
Research also shows more anger and more regressive behavior (thumb sucking, temper tantrums) in toddlers whose parents use marijuana than among the toddlers of non-using parents.
Effects on Pregnancy
Any drug of abuse can affect a mother’s health during pregnancy, making it a time when expectant mothers should take special care of themselves. Drugs of abuse may interfere with proper nutrition and rest, which can affect good functioning of the immune system. Some studies have found that babies born to mothers who used marijuana during pregnancy were smaller than those born to mothers who did not use the drug. In general, smaller babies are more likely to develop health problems.
A nursing mother who uses marijuana passes some of the THC to the baby in her breast milk. Research indicates that the use of marijuana by a mother during the first month of breast-feeding can impair the infant’s motor development (control of muscle movement).
Addictive Potential
A drug is addicting if it causes compulsive, often uncontrollable drug craving, seeking, and use, even in the face of negative health and social consequences. Marijuana meets this criterion. More than 120,000 people enter treatment per year for their primary marijuana addiction. In addition, animal studies suggest marijuana causes physical dependence, and some people report withdrawal symptoms.
Extent of Use
Monitoring the Future Study (MTF) *
The NIDA-funded MTF provides an annual assessment of drug use among 12th, 10th, and 8th grade students and young adults nationwide. After decreasing for over a decade, marijuana use among students began to increase in the early 1990s. From 1998 to 1999, use of marijuana at least once (lifetime use) increased among 12th- and 10th-graders, continuing the trend seen in recent years. The seniors’ rate of lifetime marijuana use is higher than any year since 1987, but all rates remain well below those seen in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Past year and past month marijuana use did not change significantly from 1998 to 1999 in any of the three grades, suggesting the sharp increases of recent years may be slowing. Daily marijuana use in the past month increased slightly among all three grades as well.
Percentage of 8th-Graders Who Have Used Marijuana:
Monitoring the Future Study, 1999
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Ever Used
10.2%
11.2%
12.6%
16.7%
19.9%
23.1%
22.6%
22.2%
22.0%
Used in Past Year
6.2
7.2
9.2
13.0
15.8
18.3
17.7
16.9
16.5
Used in Past Month
3.2
3.7
5.1
7.8
9.1
11.3
10.2
9.7
9.7
Daily Use in Past Month
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.7
0.8
1.5
1.1
1.1
1.4
Percentage of 10th-Graders Who Have Used Marijuana:
Monitoring the Future Study, 1999
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Ever Used
23.4%
21.4%
24.4%
30.4%
34.1%
39.8%
42.3%
39.6%
40.9%
Used in Past Year
16.5
15.2
19.2
25.2
28.7
33.6
34.8
31.1
32.1
Used in Past Month
8.7
8.1
10.9
15.8
17.2
20.4
20.5
18.7
19.4
Daily Use in Past Month
0.8
0.8
1.0
2.2
2.8
3.5
3.7
3.6
3.8
Percentage of 12th-Graders Who Have Used Marijuana
Monitoring the Future Study, 1999
1979
1985
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Ever Used
60.4%
54.2%
36.7%
32.6%
35.3%
38.2%
41.7%
44.9%
49.6%
49.1%
49.7%
Used in Past Year
50.8
40.6
23.9
21.9
26.0
30.7
34.7
35.8
38.5
37.5
37.8
Used in Past Month
36.5
25.7
13.8
11.9
15.5
19.0
21.2
21.9
23.7
22.8
23.1
Daily Use in Past Month
10.3
4.9
2.0
1.9
2.4
3.6
4.6
4.9
5.8
5.6
6.0
Community Epidemiology Work Group (CEWG)**
In 1998, marijuana indicators continued an upward trend in most of the 20 CEWG metropolitan areas. Rates of emergency department men-tions of marijuana increased significantly in seven sites, with the largest increases occurring in Dallas (emergency room mentions increased to 63.9 percent), Boston (to 44.1 percent), Denver (to 40 percent), San Diego (to 35.1 percent), and Atlanta (to 31.7 percent). The highest percent increase in emergency room mentions comparing the first half of 1997 and the first half of 1998 was among 12- to 17-year olds.
Treatment data for primary abuse of marijuana increased in six CEWG sites and remained stable elsewhere. Marijuana treatment admissions were highest in Denver (41 percent of all admissions), Miami (30 percent), New Orleans (22 percent), and Minneapolis/ St. Paul (20 percent). Half of the treatment admissions for marijuana in Minneapolis/St. Paul were under age 18.
In six of the CEWG sites, juvenile arrestees testing positive for marijuana ranged from a low of 40.3 percent in St. Louis to a high of 63.7 percent in Phoenix. More than 50 percent of juvenile arrestees in Los Angeles, Denver, and Washington, D.C. tested positive for marijuana, and 48.9 percent in San Diego. Among all arrestees, Seattle was the only site where women were more likely than men (37.9 percent vs. 35.4 percent) to test positive for marijuana.
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA)***
Marijuana remains the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States. There were an estimated 2.1 million people who started using marijuana in 1998. According to data from the 1998 NHSDA, more than 72.0 million Americans (33 percent) 12 years of age and older have tried marijuana at least once in their lifetimes, and almost 18.7 million (8.6 percent) had used marijuana in the past year. In 1985, 56.5 million Americans (29.4 percent) had tried marijuana at least once in their lifetimes, and 26.1 million (13.6 percent) had used marijuana within the past year.
Consequences of Use
The most widespread and frequently used illicit drug, marijuana is associated with the following consequences:
- Short-term memory loss
- Accelerated heartbeat
- Increased blood pressure
- Difficulty with concentrating and information processing
- Lapses in judgment
- Problems with perception and motor skills
In addition, years of marijuana use can lead to a loss of ambition and an inability to carry out long-term plans or to function effectively.
Other Sources of Information
Drug Abuse Information and Treatment Referral Line
800-662-HELP; Spanish 800-66-AYUDA
Narcotics Anonymous and Nar-Anon Family Group
Nationwide referral line: 202-399-5316
National Institute on Drug Abuse
5600 Fishers Lane, Room 10-05
Rockville, MD 20857
NATIONWIDE HELPLINE: 800-662-HELP
www.nida.nih.gov
American Society of Addiction Medicine
4601 North Park Avenue
Suite 101, Upper Arcade
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
301-656-3920
E-mail: asamoffice@aol.com
American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry
7301 Mission Road, Suite 252
Prairie Village, KS 66208
913-262-6161
E-mail: addicpsych@aol.com
* MTF is an annual survey on drug use and related attitudes of America’s adolescents that began in 1975. The survey is conducted by the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research and is funded by NIDA. Copies of the latest survey are available from the National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information at 1-800-729-6686.
** CEWG is a NIDA-sponsored network of researchers from 20 major U.S. metropolitan areas and selected foreign countries who meet semiannually to discuss the current epidemiology of drug abuse. CEWG’s most recent reports are available on the CEWG web site.
*** NHSDA is an annual survey conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Copies of the latest survey are available from the National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information at 1-800-729-6686